CONTEÚDO
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
The Author
Prologue
1 Introduction
Identification and Individualization of Physical Evidence
Collection and Preservation of Physical Evidence
Important Considerations in Crime Scene Investigations
Guidelines for Forensic Laboratory Management Practices
Expert Witness Tips
Before Going to Court
Giving Expert Testimony
Cross Examination
Other Points
Teamwork
Professional Development
2 First Officer at the Crime Scene
The First Officer at the Scene
Recording the Time
Entering the Scene Proper
Protecting the Integrity of the Scene
Injured Person on the Scene
Dead Person on the Scene
Summoning the Coroner
Firearms and Ammunition on the Scene
When a Suspect Is Found at the Scene
What to Do Until Investigating Personnel Arrive
Continued Protection of the Scene
3 The Crime Scene Investigator
Actual Examination of the Scene
4 Specialized Personnel at the Crime Scene
Health and Safety Issues at Crime Scenes
Chemical or Biological Terrorist Crime Scenes
Indicators of a Possible Biological Terrorist Threat
Indicators of a Possible Chemical Terrorist Threat
Health and Safety Considerations for Crime Scene Personnel
Conclusion
5 Processing the Crime Scene
Plan of Action
Note Taking
Crime Scene Search
Crime Scene Photography
Types of Cameras
Admissibility of Photographs
Videotape
Sketching the Crime Scene
Information Included in Crime Scene Sketches
Equipment
Types of Sketches
Locating Objects in the Sketch
Computer Programs
Admissibility of Sketches
Collection of Evidence
6 Establishing Identity
Fingerprints and Palm Prints
How Do Fingerprints Occur?
Where to Look for Fingerprints
Different Types of Fingerprints
Fingerprint Developing Techniques
Development with Powders
Lasers and Alternative Light Sources
Image Processing
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems
Preservation of Fingerprints
How Long Does a Fingerprint Remain on an Object?
The Effect of Temperature Conditions on the Possibility of Developing
Fingerprints
Examination of Developed Fingerprints
Palm Prints
Packing Objects on which Prints are Found
Taking Fingerprints for Elimination
Prints of Other Coverings
Handwriting Examination
Identification of Human Remains
Taking Fingerprints
Photographing
Marks of Trades or Occupations
Making a Description
The Deceased’s Clothing
Laundry Marks
Watchmaker’s Marks
Jewelry
Eyeglasses
Teeth
Facial Reconstruction
Determination of Gender
Determination of Age
Length of Body
Hair Color
Blood Type
Identification in Mass Disasters
7 Trace Evidence and Miscellaneous Material
Sources of Trace Evidence
Clothing
Footwear
Evidence from the Body
Trace Metal Detection
Other Objects as Sources of Trace Evidence
Collection and Preservation of Trace Evidence
Examples of Trace Evidence
Building Materials
Asbestos
Safe Insulation
Paint
Rust
Metals
Textiles and Fibers
Buttons
Cordage and Rope
Cigarettes and Tobacco
Matches
Burned Paper
Ash
Soil
Wood
Plant Material
Glass
Objects Left at the Crime Scene
Paper
Articles of Clothing
Product Markings
Foodstuffs
Cosmetics
Hair
Feathers
Electrical Wire
Broken Tools
Tape
Headlamps
Computer Seizure
Collecting Videotape Evidence
Determine if There Is a Videotape
Stop the Recorder
Confiscate the Tapes Immediately, Taking the Usual Chain-of-Evidence Steps
Document the Video System’s Physical Relationship to the Crime Scene
Seek Technical Assistance if Problems Occur
Other Trace Evidence
8 Blood and Other Biological Evidence
A Word of Caution!
Universal Precautions
Bloodstain Pattern Recognition
Presumptive Tests for Blood
Searching for Bloodstains
Description and Recording of Bloodstains
Collection and Preservation of Bloodstains
Removal of Bloodstains
Bloodstained Objects
Blood Typing
Collection of Known Specimens
Forensic DNA Typing
RFLP-Based Technology
PCR-Based Technology
Mitochondrial DNA
CODIS
Forensic DNA and Unsolved Cases
SWGDAM
The Future
9 Impression Evidence
Footprints
The Value of Footprints
Preservation of Footwear and Tire Impressions
Footprints on Floors
Preservation of Footwear Evidence
Photographing Footwear Impressions
Casting with Dental Stone
Casting Water-Filled Impressions
Casting Impressions in Snow
Preservation of Footprints (Dust Prints)
Taking Comparison Footprints from a Suspect
Comparison of Footprints
Marks on Clothes and Parts of the Body
Fabric Marks
Tooth Marks
The Preservation of Bite Marks
Casting Material for Bite Mark Evidence
Human Skin
Foods
Tool Marks
Preservation of Tool Marks
Casting Tool Marks
Trace Evidence on Tools
Preserving a Tool
Fragments of Tools
Typed Documents
10 Firearms Examination
Characteristics of Firearms
Ammunition
Firearms Evidence
Gunshot Residue Analysis
Collecting Firearms Evidence
Handling of Firearms
Cartridge Cases
Bullets
Marking Bullets
Small Shot
Test Firing
Powder Pattern Examination
National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN)
11 Arson and Explosives
Physical Evidence
Explosives
Low Explosives
High Explosives
Blasting Agents
Military Explosives
Homemade Explosives
Bomb Scene Investigation
12 Illicit Drugs and Toxicology
Psychoactive Drugs
Central Nervous System Depressants
Central Nervous System Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Crime Scene Search
Searching a Suspect
Searching a Dwelling
Searching a Vehicle
Clandestine Drug Laboratories
Collection and Preservation of Evidence
Toxicology
U.S. DEA Drug Schedule Classification
Schedule I
Schedule II
Schedule III
Schedule IV
Schedule V
13 Investigating Sexual Assault and Domestic Abuse
Crimes
Rape
Preliminary Interview
Medical Examination
Collection of Physical Evidence
Date-Rape Drugs
Other Sexual and Abusive Assaults
Sexual Child Molestation and Incest
Homosexual Assault
Elder Abuse
Conclusion
14 Burglary Investigation
Points of Entry
Entry through Windows
Entry through Doors
Entry through Basement Windows and Skylights
Entry through Roofs
Entry through Walls
Entry through Floors
Simulated Burglaries
Detailed Examination of the Scene
Safe Burglaries
Safe Burglaries Using Explosives
15 Motor Vehicle Investigation
Vehicle Theft
Abandoned Vehicles
Homicide in a Vehicle
Hit-and-Run Investigation
Marks from Vehicles
Wheel Marks
Skid Marks
16 Homicide Investigation
Murder, Suicide, or Accident?
Cause of Death
Suicide
Signs of Struggle
Location of Weapon
Examination of a Dead Body at the Crime Scene
Murder
Detailed Examination of the Scene of the Crime
Outdoor Crime Scenes
Discovering a Body Hidden at Another Location
Investigation of a Greatly Altered Body or Skeleton
The Scene of Discovery
Outdoors
Indoors
Packing and Transporting
Determining the Number of Individuals
Examining Remains of Clothing and Other Objects
Clothing
Boots and Shoes
Other Objects
Estimating the Time of Death
Postmortem Signs of Death
Decomposition of the Body
Action of Insects and Other Animals on a Dead Body
Other Indications of Time of Death
The Autopsy
Injuries from External Mechanical Violence
Injuries from Sharp External Violence
Marks or Damage on Clothing
Defense Injuries
Firearm Injuries
Bullet Injuries
Close and Distant Shots
Damage to Clothes from Shooting
Modes of Death from Shooting
Explosion Injuries
Death by Suffocation
Death from Electric Currents
Violent Death in Fires
Death by Freezing
Death by Poisoning
Rape–Homicide and Sexual Assault-Related Murders
Infanticide and Child Abuse
Trunk Murder, Dismemberment of the Body
Serial Murders
Appendix A Equipment for Crime Scene Investigations
Appendix B Forensic Science-Related Websites
Appendix C Terrorism and Domestic Preparedness Websites
Bibliography
